What if India’s growing e-waste mountain isn't just an environmental liability but a US$3.5 billion opportunity?

As EV sales scale rapidly India faces a dual imperative: securing critical raw materials currently 100% imported, and managing 14 million tonnes of expected e-waste.
Black mass recycling offers a path to reduce import dependence.

However, this brief argues that turning recycling capacity into true circularity requires recovered minerals to re-enter domestic cell manufacturing. A targeted policy push is essential to connect recyclers with material producers and build a closed-loop supply chain: https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/from-black-mass-to-batteries-building-a-circular-battery-value-chain