Key takeaways from this latest attack:

🔸Moscow's air defense is highly effective; the majority of drones are shot down—which makes sense given that over 140 air defense systems are deployed there.
🔸Despite this five-layer air defense, some drones manage to get through; Ukraine is therefore employing a strategy of concentrating on and saturating a specific area.
🔸This time, Kyiv did not strike fuel depots but targeted critical sections of the refinery directly. During the June attack, the refinery sustained partial damage and only resumed operations in August.
🔸Looking at the Ukrainian strategy, the saturation phase began earlier, around September 17. Ukrainian drones cost less than air defense missiles, meaning this relentless defense comes at a high cost to Moscow.
🔸This marks the seventh attack on a Russian refinery this month and the 91st since the start of the year. This strains Russia's refining capacity and exacerbates fuel shortages in many regions.
🔸Finally, at least 10 different types of drones and missiles were used, demonstrating that Kyiv is accelerating the development of its strike capabilities—albeit lagging somewhat behind Russia, which employed this saturation strategy between 2023 and 2025 but uses it less frequently today.