One country, two Egyptian community references—and a strong shared ancient farmer-related ancestry signal.

Egyptian Arab Muslim is modeled as 62.4% Levantine Neolithic Farmer, 13.3% Zagros Neolithic Farmer and 8.9% Nilotic, plus 4.8% Western Steppe Herder, 4.0% West African, 4.0% Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer and 2.6% Iberomaurusian.

Egyptian Copt is modeled as 71.7% Levantine Neolithic Farmer, 14.3% Zagros Neolithic Farmer and 6.9% Nilotic, followed by 3.5% Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer, 2.9% Iberomaurusian and 0.7% Western Steppe Herder.

The Copt reference has a larger modeled Levantine farmer-related share; the Muslim reference has larger Nilotic and steppe-related shares and a West African component. These are ancient model components, not percentages of modern nationalities or measures of religious identity.

The Muslim reference's nearest matches overall are Egyptian Arab Muslim Alexandria (1.146, extremely close), Cairo (1.278), Beheira (1.356) and Dakahlia (1.408), all very close after Alexandria. Bedouin Sinai is close at 3.181.

The Copt reference's nearest match is Egyptian Copt Sudan (0.969, extremely close). Egyptian Arab Muslim Dakahlia (3.789), Bedouin Sinai (3.874) and Egyptian Arab Muslim Gharbia (4.014) are also close. Several Egyptian regional Muslim references are closer to Copts than the broad Muslim average is.

For distinct national flags, the cards select Lebanese Arab Muslim Sunni Beirut (Afro-Arab-Mixed, 3.572) and Yemeni Arab Amran (Afro-Arab-Mixed, 4.065) for Muslim; Bedouin Negev (African-Mixed, 4.009) and Bedouin Jordan (African-Mixed, 4.157) for Copt. Closer Egyptian matches repeat Egypt's flag and remain part of the wider story above.

The exact references are 4.838 apart, rated Close. They average 74 Muslim and 27 Copt samples. Results describe these reference averages; they cannot identify someone's religion, and genetic distance is not a percentage of shared DNA.

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