هدف: وقتی بخواهیم کار انجام شده رو بخشی از جمله تمرکز کنیم و انجامدهنده یا ماهیت انجامدهنده رو حذف یا کمرنگ کنیم.
ساختار پایه
- زمان حال ساده: am/is/are + شکل سوم فعل
- The report is written by John.
- گذشته ساده: was/were + شکل سوم فعل
- The window was broken yesterday.
- حال کامل: has/have been + شکل سوم فعل
- The project has been completed.
- Future ساده: will be + شکل سوم فعل
- The letters will be mailed tomorrow.
نکته کلیدی
- در passive معمولاً فاعل جمله اصلی (اجنته) با عبارت by … کنار میآید اگر واقعاً لازم باشد مشخص شود.
- اگر فاعل مهم نیست یا میخواهیم فاعل نامشخص باشد، میتوان فاعل را حذف کرد:
- The song was recorded last year.
- The food is cooked fresh daily.
زمانهای رایج و نمونهها
- Present Simple
- Active: The chef prepares the meal.
- Passive: The meal is prepared by the chef.
- Past Simple
- Active: They built the bridge.
- Passive: The bridge was built by them.
- Present Perfect
- Active: They have completed the report.
- Passive: The report has been completed.
- Modals + Passive
- Active: They must finish the job.
- Passive: The job must be finished (by them).
کاربردهای معمول
- تمرکز روی نتیجه یا انتشار کار
- The novel was published in 2020.
- زمانبندی رویدادها بدون ذکر انجامدهنده
- The car was stolen last night.
- فرایندهای فرامین یا دستورهای رسمی
- The documents should be signed by the manager.
- گزارشهای خبری یا علمی
- Several experiments have been conducted.
تمرین سریع
1) فعال: People clean the streets every morning.
مجهول: The streets are cleaned every morning.
2) فعال: They will deliver the package tomorrow.
مجهول: The package will be delivered tomorrow.
3) فعال: The committee approved the proposal.
مجهول: The proposal was approved by the committee.
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