Kalonymos](https://www.judensand-mainz.de/en/judensand/tombstone-of-meschullam-ben-kalonymos).”
- City of Worms, “[Rashi](https://www.worms-erleben.de/experience/entdecken-und-staunen/kulturprofile/judentum/Raschi.php).”
- National Library of Israel, [Worms Mahzor, 1272](https://www.nli.org.il/en/education/teaching-resources/primary-sources/nnl_edu997013313316005171).
- Bishop Rüdiger of Speyer, [charter of 1084, English translation](https://www.laits.utexas.edu/bodian/me-bisopSpeyers.html), University of Texas at Austin.
- [ShUM Sites](https://schumstaedte.de/en/), heritage information on Speyer, Worms, and Mainz.
- Yiddish Book Center, “[The Weekly Reader: Early Yiddish Literature](https://www.yiddishbookcenter.org/language-literature-culture/weekly-reader/weekly-reader-early-yiddish-literature).”
- Posen Library, “[Early Modern Jewish Languages](https://www.posenlibrary.com/guide/early-modern-jewish-languages).”
- Jerold C. Frakes, ed. and trans., [*Early Yiddish Epic*](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1j5dgbq) (Syracuse University Press, 2014).
- Giovanna Serenelli, [review of Frakes, *Early Yiddish Epic*](https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/jfrr/article/view/38524), *Journal of Folklore Research Reviews* (2015).
- “[Tsene-rene](https://encyclopedia.yivo.org/article.aspx/tsene-rene),” *YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe*.
- Chava Turniansky, “[Yiddish Literature before 1800](https://encyclopedia.yivo.org/article/55),” *YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe*.
- Morris M. Faierstein, “[Restoring a Commentary Maligned](https://www.jtsa.edu/torah/restoring-a-commentary-maligned/),” Jewish Theological Seminary (2017), on his critical translation of *Ze’enah U-Re’enah* (De Gruyter, 2017).
- Asya Vaisman, “[Well Said: Cholent, the Very Food of Heaven](https://www.yiddishbookcenter.org/language-literature-culture/pakn-treger/well-said-cholent-very-food-heaven),” *Pakn Treger* 66 (2012), Yiddish Book Center.
- Philologos, “[From Esperanza to Shprintze](https://forward.com/culture/154965/from-esperanza-to-shprintze/),” *Forward* (22 April 2012).
- Alexander Beider, *A Dictionary of Ashkenazic Given Names* (Avotaynu, 2001).
- Shamam Waldman et al., “Genome-wide data from medieval German Jews show that the Ashkenazi founder event pre-dated the 14th century,” *Cell* (2022), [doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.002](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.002). [Open PDF](https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/2022_Waldman_ErfurtMedievalJews_Cell%5B15%5D.pdf).
- Technology Networks, “[Ancient DNA Tells the Origin Story of Ashkenazi Jews](https://www.technologynetworks.com/genomics/news/ancient-dna-tells-the-origin-story-of-ashkenazi-jews-368070)” (1 December 2022), summary of Waldman et al.
- Paul Wexler, *Two-tiered Relexification in Yiddish: Jews, Sorbs, Khazars, and the Kiev-Polessian Dialect* (Mouton de Gruyter, 2002).
- Alexander Beider, “[Ashkenazi Jews Are Not Khazars. Here’s the Proof](https://forward.com/opinion/382967/ashkenazi-jews-are-not-khazars-heres-the-proof/),” *Forward* (25 September 2017).

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