In PESA v. UralTransMash, a Russian cassation court endorses the principle of arbitrator bias. In the eyes of the court, two of three arbitrators were from "unfriendly" countries. In the course of the SCC arbitration proceedings, the party against whom the award was made challenged the appointment of an arbitrator, but the challenge was rejected. Thus, according to the court, two of three arbitrators were biased (!) (the decision in case А60-24839/2024 of 2 December 2024).

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