Charles Taylor. Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity
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«[Bruno] Snell remarked on the absence in Homer of words that could happily be translated by our 'mind'. or even by 'soul' in its standard post-Platonic meaning, that is a term designating the unique locus where all our different thoughts and feelings occur. Homeric 'psychē' seems to designate something like the life force in us what flees from the body at death, rather than the site of thinking and feeling. If one asks 'where' such things go on in Homer's account of his heroes. no single answer can be given. Rather there seems to us to be a fragmentation: some things happen in the 'thumos', others in the 'phrenes', others again in the 'kradiē', 'ētor', or 'kēr', still others in the 'noos'. Some of these sites can be loosely identified with bodily locations; for instance. 'kradiē', 'etor', and 'kēr' seem to be identified with the heart, and 'phrenes' with the lungs. Richard Onians also makes a strong case for 'thumos' being originally sited in the lungs. In parallel to the multiplicity of 'mind' locations, bodily references are also usually to what we would think of as parts. The term 'soma', Snell argues, refers to the corpse. References to the living body are to. e.g .• the 'limbs'. 'skin'. etc .• varying as appropriate with the context.»