第七期: What is a Concerto?

概要
音乐中有很多术语很容易让人望而却步，这期伯恩斯坦通过乐团示范集中火力来介绍Concerto这个概念。首先他追溯了一下词源，Concerto这个词在意大利语的本意就是concert的意思，而concert的本意是“togetherness”，在音乐中也就是乐手们一起演奏歌唱的意思。最初，音乐中的术语的使用是比较随意的，不过随着历史的发展，他们的使用越来越严格。伯恩斯坦的总结是，Sonata是任意乐器的独奏曲目，Symphony是整个交响乐团的Sonata，而Concerto是有独奏（可以是一个人，或者一群人）的symphony。接下来，伯恩斯坦用很多曲目带我们回顾了Concerto发展的历史。首先是巴洛克和早期古典主义时期的Concerto Grosso，这个曲式一般有一个大的乐团，加上一个小的soloist乐团，称为concertino。大小乐团轮流交替演奏，从而创造出变化和对比，而且也给了小的soloist乐团展现自己技术的机会。随着音乐的发展，整体趋势是大乐团的规模越来越大，然而soloist group越来越小：从Vivaldi的一首concerto grosso的soloist乐团有12个人，到Bach的勃兰登堡3个人的soloist group，到Mozart的2个人的soloist group，最终演变为我们熟悉的只有1个soloist。不过只有1个soloist的concerto有一种风险，就是可能过分夸大了soloist的炫技部分。到了20世纪，新古典主义的音乐家们再次挖掘出concerto grosso的概念，发明了concerto for orchestra，也就是乐团中每一个部分都可能是soloist，这期最后演奏了Bartok的Concerto Orchestra作为结尾。

喜欢的Quote
Whenever people come to the end of anything, they always start asking themselves big questions, like "What are we really here for? What are we trying to accomplish? Are we really accomplishing it?"--questions like that. Well, my big question is: have we been helping you to come closer to good music? Are you beginning to understand a little more about it, and learning not to be scared of it? Most of my young friends that I talk to say yes; that they are feeling closer to music--sort of friendly to it; they have begun to feel that music isn't such a hard, strange business, after all, too grownup or complicated or sissy-ish or whatever.

There are some musical words which can't be explained in a second; it takes time to learn about them; and what's more, it takes listening to the actual music they describe before you really know what they mean.

曲目
1. Vivaldi - Concerto in C Major, RV 558
2. Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No.5
3. Mozart - Sinfonia Concertante K364
4. Mendelssohn - Violin Concerto in E minor
5. Bartok - Concerto for Orchestra

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1fE411R7yn

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