1. What is Excel and its key features?
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet software used to store, organize, calculate, and analyze data.
Key features include: formulas, functions, charts, Pivot Tables, data validation, conditional formatting, and macros/VBA.
2. Difference between Excel Workbook and Worksheet
A Workbook is the entire Excel file, which can contain multiple Worksheets (individual tabs). Each worksheet holds a grid of rows and columns for data entry.
3. What are cell references (Relative, Absolute, Mixed)?
• Relative (A1): Adjusts automatically when copied.
• Absolute ($A$1): Fixed cell reference, doesn’t change when copied.
• Mixed (A$1 or $A1): Either row or column stays fixed.
4. Explain basic Excel formulas: SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT
•
=SUM(A1:A5) adds the values in cells A1 through A5.•
=AVERAGE(A1:A5) calculates the average.•
=COUNT(A1:A5) counts numeric entries only.5. What is the use of VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP?
• VLOOKUP searches vertically down the first column of a range.
Example:
=VLOOKUP(101, A2:C10, 2, FALSE) • HLOOKUP searches horizontally across the top row of a range.
6. Difference between VLOOKUP and INDEX-MATCH
• VLOOKUP only searches left to right and can break if columns are moved.
• INDEX-MATCH is more flexible and faster, allowing lookups in any direction.
7. What is a Pivot Table? How do you create one?
A Pivot Table summarizes large datasets by grouping and aggregating.
To create: Select data → Insert → PivotTable → Drag fields into Rows, Columns, Values.
8. Explain conditional formatting with examples
Conditional formatting applies color or icons based on rules.
Example: Highlight all cells > 100
Go to Home → Conditional Formatting → Highlight Cells Rules → Greater Than.
9. What is Data Validation?
It restricts what type of data can be entered in a cell.
Example: Allow numbers only from 1 to 100 using Data → Data Validation.
10. How do you remove duplicates in Excel?
Select the data → Go to Data tab → Click “Remove Duplicates” → Choose columns to check → Confirm.
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