What are exotic states of matter that require special conditions?

📍 Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)
is sometimes called the fifth state of matter. In Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms and ions stop behaving as separate particles and collapse into a single quantum state that can be described using a single wavefunction. This state of matter was verified experimentally in 1995 by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman. Bose-Einstein condensate is “colder” than an ordinary solid and may form very near absolute zero.

📍 Superfluid
is a second liquid state formed by some types of matter. A superfluid displays zero viscosity. In other words, it has no resistance to flow. Superfluidity was observed for helium in 1937. Because it could flow without friction, superfluid helium climbed the walls of its container and dripped over the sides. Like Bose-Einstein condensate, superfluidity occurs near absolute zero.

📍 Fermionic Condensate
is a state of matter similar to a Bose-Einstein condensate, except it consists of fermions, such as quarks and leptons. Normally, the Pauli exclusion principle forbids fermions from entering the same quantum state. In a fermionic condensate, a pair of fermions behaves as a boson, allowing multiple pairs to enter the same quantum state.

📍 Rydberg Matter
is a type of plasma formed when excited ions condense. You can think of it as dusty plasma. So far, it occurs in the elements hydrogen, potassium, nitrogen, and cesium. This type of matter consists mainly of small hexagonal planar clusters. Scientists make Rydberg matter in a lab or observe it in the upper atmosphere of planets and in clouds in space.

📍 Photonic Matter
is the state of matter formed when photons interact with a gas in such a way that the photons have apparent mass and can interact with each other. Photons with apparent mass can even form photonic “molecules.”

📍 Color-Glass Condensate
is a state of matter proposed to exist when atomic nuclei travel near the speed of liquid. Because of their speed, the nucleus appears compressed along its direction of motion. This causes the gluons of the nucleus to appear as a sort of wall or region of increased density.

📍 Other States of Matter
There are other proposed states of matter, including quark matter, degenerate matter, dropleton, quantum Hall state, superglass, supersolid, and string-net liquid.

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