Can a vacuum be totally empty?

📌 A vacuum is a volume empty of matter, sometimes called ‘free-space’.

❗️ In practice, only partial vacuums are possible.

📌 Outer space can approach the requirements of a vacuum, but even in space there are a few atoms per cubic meter.

📌 Vacuum is not a force. Though the net motion of matter from a region of higher to lower concentration does appear to be due to a force – e.g. inside a vacuum cleaner, gas concentration is about 20% lower than ambient, so air and dust will be ‘sucked’ in.

✍️ Contrary to popular belief, a vacuum cannot be made simply by sucking the molecules out of the container space. Molecules move in every direction and bounce, and to get the molecules out, one needs to wait until they come towards you out of their own ‘free will’, and then ‘bat them’ out of the enclosure using a high speed propeller called a turbo pump. It is often necessary to use more than one type of pump to achieve a reasonably good vacuum!

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