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A Udi-related explanation also deserves consideration within this broader Albanian setting. Gippert and Schulze tentatively connect Gargar with a repetition of Caucasian Albanian q̇ar, meaning “tribe.” Their identification of the Albanian Gargars with Udi-related speakers is a separate proposal from the Rutul–Tsakhur hypothesis, but it provides another reason to investigate the name within the linguistic landscape of Albania and its neighbours. A counter-argument to the Udi association is that Strabo explicitly places Gargareans in the northern Caucasus, while Udis (as far as we know) have historically inhabited the southern Caucasus.
This eastern localization may also help frame a possible connection with Gugark/Gugareti/Gogarene, the Iberian–Armenian border region whose name has an obscure origin. Rather than considering the resemblance between Gargar and Gugark in isolation, it would allow us to investigate the names within a more connected regional setting. An Albanian or neighbouring East Caucasian explanation is therefore worth exploring, since the word's etymology can be explained neither in Georgian nor Armenian.
Concerning Sodi, there is another potentially significant connection. Pliny mentions them among mountain peoples in his description of Albania’s borderlands. In Moktsevay Kartlisay (Conversion of Kartli), the Soji appear alongside the inhabitants of Kkhoeti/Kukheti in the account of Nino’s preaching at Katsareti, in the broader region of present-day Kakheti. The proposed identification of Sodi with Soji would therefore point toward Albania’s western neighbourhood, again considerably closer to Albania than my earlier placement in Chechnya or Ingushetia. Pliny's description of them as a "mountain people" possibly misleadingly makes most readers interpret it as a people living deep in the Caucasus mountains, but the mountains he was referring to was most likely the Tsiv-Gombori range in central Kakheti (where they are documented to live according to Georgian chronicles), though perhaps the Sodi did extend to the Greater Caucasus as well, this much we don't know.
What interests me is how these clues connect: the geographical accounts make the eastern linguistic comparisons more compelling, while the names and neighbouring populations help build a coherent regional picture. These remain proposed identifications, but together they give me a stronger basis for reconsidering the map than similarities between names alone. The above creates a far stronger argument for the placement of Gargareans in the Samur basin or its close vicinity.
Below is an in-depth look into the question of the geographic context of "Gargareans" and "Sodi" mentioned in antiquity, and my take on it.
While researching my upcoming map, I came across several interesting clues about the names and locations of the Gargareans and Sodi. Due to having an empty space in modern Chechnya and Ingushetia, I was tempted to place the two ancient ethnonyms in this area, "ticking the box" for Nakhs, but things turned out more complicated.
For the Gargareans, the geographical and linguistic arguments reinforce each other. Strabo places them in the northern foothills of the Ceraunian Caucasus, in a discussion that opens with the mountainous country above Caucasian Albania. Armenian sources, meanwhile, associate the Gargars with Albania itself. Reading these accounts together points me toward the eastern North Caucasus adjoining Albania—particularly Dagestan—rather than farther west in Chechnya or Ingushetia. A North Caucasian location is therefore entirely compatible with the existing Rutul hypothesis: it is part of the geographical argument in its favour. Caucasian Albania and Chechnya/Ingushetia have no geographic continuity, while the Samur basin and the south Caucasian core of Albania do.
This geographical fit gives additional weight to the proposed Rutul–Tsakhur interpretation of the name. Forms such as gargar/gagar have been compared with words meaning “relative” in Rutul, Tsakhur and Avar. Nakh comparisons also exist, but the attraction of the Rutul–Tsakhur hypothesis is that it combines the linguistic resemblance with a plausible location near Albania. The argument is not simply that the name sounds familiar: the proposed etymology and geographic location fit together.
Another potentially corroborating clue comes from the proposed Silvi/Chighb–Tsakhur connection. The name Chighb, also rendered Djigb, has been compared with the Tsakhur self-name Yikhby—йихъбы. Combined with the proposed identification of the Chighb with the Chilb and the classical Silvi, this would place another ancient population in the same Albanian–Dagestani setting. These identifications are debated, but their geographical implications are relevant to the Gargarean question.
Crucially, Pliny explicitly places the Lupenii (also known as Lpin in Armenian sources, Lpin = Alban?, hinting these were the foundational or most powerful people of Albania?) below the Silvi in his description of the mountains beyond Albania’s frontier. The connection between those two populations is therefore not based merely on similar names: the ancient account actually places them in relation to one another. Taking the Lupenii–Lpin identification and the eastern localization of the Gargareans together, the Silvi/Chighb, Lpin and Gargareans would form a plausible group of neighbouring populations around Albania’s northern and northwestern borderlands. This is precisely the sort of regional pattern that would strengthen the Rutul–Tsakhur hypothesis.
Against that reconstruction, identifying the Gargareans with Galgai, the Ingush self-name, seems geographically much less convincing to me. It places them farther west, away from the proposed cluster around Albania. The similarity between Gargar and Galgai is worth considering, but it does not by itself explain that geographical separation. The attraction of the eastern interpretation is that it offers a connected explanation of the names, their possible linguistic relationships and their likely neighbours. Gar could simply be a Proto-Caucasian substrate or an ancient wanderwort, also related to Georgian guar/gvar (though the latter also has a proposed Iranian etymology related to Armenian gawar), meaning that Galgai and Gargar have a common root not due to recently shared kinship or being the same people, but due to a deep and ancient linguistic connection through Proto-Nakh-Dagestani.
На карте хорошо видно, что речные долины, где располагаются Ахты, Хнов, Зрых имеют низкий уровень в сравнении с горно-долинной зоной расположения других сел региона.
У реки Самур возле Ахтов уровень опускается даже ниже 900 метров над уровнем моря. В Хнове уровень повыше, но тоже относительно ниже других сел Ахтычайской долины.
Экспедиция в Рутулию по следам академика архитектуры С. Хан-Магомедова. В 50-х годах С.Хан-Магомедов осмотрел несколько селений Южного Дагестана. Им была открыта уникальная типология главной жилой комнаты в старых домах рутульского района, выраженная в пространственной конструкции перекрытия кровли - с мощной главной балкой-прогоном, несущей на себе всю нагрузку. Хан-Магомедов описал эту конструкцию в своей книги. Нашей целью было отыскать сохранившийся экземпляр. Для поездки был выбран аул Шиназ, в котором расположен очень красивый минарет, а также руины старого селения. Обследовав почти все дома мы обнаружили, что почти нигде не сохранились перекрытия - Горские дома с глиняной плоской крышей быстро приходят в негодность. Но один единственный дом всё еще держится. И внутри, в главной кунацкой комнате мы нашли то, что искали - огромная балка в центре, на которую опираются столбики, которые в свою очередь поддерживают балки перекрытия.
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Авторы специалисты своего дела с опытом и учеными степенями.
Территория расселения лакзов была больше, чем позднее царство Лакз. Об этом пишет Минорский, ссылаясь на ранние источники. Лакзы жили и имели княжества также в Маскате и Шабаране, называемых в хрониках Вардан и Хурсан. Это земли современных Кусарского, Хачмазского, Кубинского (1), Сиазаньского, Хызинского и Шабранского (2) районов АР.
Минорский пишет, что территория лакзов постепенно уменьшалась, пока не была поглощена Ширваном. Вышеназванные княжества имели своих правителей, называемых Хурсан-шах и Вардан-шах, и, как он далее пишет, нет сомнения в том, что эти «царства» относились к территории лакзов.
Арабо-мусульманский историк Баладзури же упоминает царя лакзов, именуемого Хурсан-шах. Далее, он пишет, что «после сопротивления лакзов Марван назначил управлять ими араба, а сам отправился к замку владетеля Шарвана, называемому Х.рш (Хурс), расположенного на берегу моря.
Ниже на карте В. Минорского отмечены Маскат (красный) и Шабаран (оранжевый)
[В. Минорский. История Ширвана и Дербента X-XI веков, М. 1963]
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