Cash transfers and fertility (2024):

In 2016, Poland began to give households a cash benefit of $130 USD per month per child under 18.

All families with 2+ children qualified regardless of income, as did low-income 1 child families.

The results of this policy were:
- Increased birth probability among women aged 31-35 (+1.8 percentage points) and 36-40 (+0.7 pp)
- Decreased birth probability among women aged 21-25 (-2.2 pp) and 26-30 (-2.6 pp).
- Negative effect among higher-income women (-1.1 pp).
- No significant effects for women under 21 or over 40.

Source: Cash transfers and fertility: Evidence from Poland’s Family 500+ Policy (n=87,006)
https://demographic-research.org/volumes/vol51/28/51-28.pdf

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