1️⃣ COUNT()
Counts rows or non-null values—use COUNT(*) for total rows, COUNT(column) to skip nulls.
Example:
SELECT COUNT(*) AS total_employees FROM Employees;
Tip: In a 1k-row table, it returns 1k; great for validating data completeness.
2️⃣ SUM()
Adds up numeric values—ignores nulls automatically.
Example:
SELECT SUM(salary) AS total_salary FROM Employees;
Tip: For March orders totaling $60, it sums to 60; pair with WHERE for filtered totals like monthly payroll.
3️⃣ AVG()
Calculates average of numeric values—also skips nulls, divides sum by non-null count.
Example:
SELECT AVG(salary) AS average_salary FROM Employees;
Tip: Two orders at $20/$40 avg to 30; use for trends, like mean salary ~$75k in tech firms.
4️⃣ MAX()
Finds the highest value in a column—works on numbers, dates, strings.
Example:
SELECT MAX(salary) AS highest_salary FROM Employees;
Tip: Max order of $40 in a set; useful for peaks, like top sales $150k.
5️⃣ MIN()
Finds the lowest value in a column—similar to MAX but for mins.
Example:
SELECT MIN(salary) AS lowest_salary FROM Employees;
Tip: Min order of $10; spot outliers, like entry-level pay ~$50k.
Bonus Combo Query:
SELECT COUNT(*) AS total,
SUM(salary) AS total_pay,
AVG(salary) AS avg_pay,
MAX(salary) AS max_pay,
MIN(salary) AS min_pay
FROM Employees;
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