31. What is the difference between XLS and XLSX files?
⦁ XLS is the older Excel file format (Excel 97-2003), binary-based.
⦁ XLSX is the newer XML-based format (Excel 2007+) and supports more features like larger file sizes and better data recovery.
32. How do you freeze panes and split windows?
⦁ Freeze Panes locks rows/columns so they stay visible while scrolling (View > Freeze Panes).
⦁ Split Windows divides the worksheet into separate scrollable panes (View > Split).
33. What are sparklines?
Sparklines are tiny charts embedded in single cells that provide a quick visual trend of data, like line or column charts next to data rows.
34. How do you use the Remove Duplicates feature?
Select your data, then go to Data > Remove Duplicates. Choose columns to check duplicates and Excel deletes extra occurrences.
35. What is the difference between COUNT, COUNTA, COUNTIF, and COUNTBLANK?
⦁ COUNT counts numeric values only.
⦁ COUNTA counts all non-empty cells (numbers, text, etc.).
⦁ COUNTIF counts cells meeting a condition.
⦁ COUNTBLANK counts empty cells.
36. How do you link data between different Excel workbooks?
Create a link by referencing cells in another workbook, e.g.,
=[Book2.xlsx]Sheet1!A1. The source workbook must be saved and accessible.37. What is conditional formatting with formulas?
It allows custom rules using formulas, e.g., highlight rows where
= $A1 > 100. The formula must return TRUE/FALSE to apply formatting.38. How can you create dashboards in Excel?
Collect key metrics using charts, pivot tables, and slicers arranged on one worksheet for interactive, visual reports.
39. Explain the protection levels available in Excel.
⦁ Protect Sheet: restrict user edits to specific cells.
⦁ Protect Workbook: restrict adding/deleting sheets or moving them.
⦁ Protect Structure: locks workbook layout.
⦁ Passwords can be applied for security.
40. What is the difference between Workbook and Worksheet events in VBA?
⦁ Workbook events trigger on workbook-level actions (open, close, save).
⦁ Worksheet events respond to worksheet-level events (change cell, selection change).
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