Quick SQL functions cheat sheet for beginners

Aggregate Functions

COUNT(*): Counts rows.

SUM(column): Total sum.

AVG(column): Average value.

MAX(column): Maximum value.

MIN(column): Minimum value.


String Functions

CONCAT(a, b, …): Concatenates strings.

SUBSTRING(s, start, length): Extracts part of a string.

UPPER(s) / LOWER(s): Converts string case.

TRIM(s): Removes leading/trailing spaces.


Date & Time Functions

CURRENT_DATE / CURRENT_TIME / CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: Current date/time.

EXTRACT(unit FROM date): Retrieves a date part (e.g., year, month).

DATE_ADD(date, INTERVAL n unit): Adds an interval to a date.


Numeric Functions

ROUND(num, decimals): Rounds to a specified decimal.

CEIL(num) / FLOOR(num): Rounds up/down.

ABS(num): Absolute value.

MOD(a, b): Returns the remainder.


Control Flow Functions

CASE: Conditional logic.

COALESCE(val1, val2, …): Returns the first non-null value.


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