B) Clear contradiction. The first sentence states that some of them formed within the first billion years, "have developed within the first billion years of the formation of the universe."
C) Opposite of what the text says. The passage says that previous models uv backgrounds as a necessary condition, and the new research suggests they might not be needed at all. "...without the need for ultraviolet backgrounds or other extreme and implausible vironmental conditions that models of the early universe have included..."
D) Unsupported. No hints in the text.
Why A)?
Logical. If early quasars could have formed without these contrived conditions, then the models would be simplified and based on more realistic mechanisms.
There is a strong word in the text. "Implausible". In this context it is the exact opposite of "credible"
"it may be possible to develop models of the early universe that rest on more CREDIBLE assumptions than previous models (IMPLAUSIBLE) have."
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