Commonly used Python functions and methods:

### STRING FUNCTIONS:
- len(): Returns the length of a string.
- str.upper(): Converts a string to upper-case.
- str.lower(): Converts a string to lower-case.
- str.capitalize(): Capitalizes the first character of a string.
- str.split(): Splits a string into a list.
- str.join(): Joins elements of a list into a string.
- str.replace(): Replaces a specified phrase with another specified phrase.
- str.strip(): Removes whitespace from the beginning and end of a string.

### LIST FUNCTIONS:
- len(): Returns the length of a list.
- list.append(): Adds an item to the end of the list.
- list.extend(): Adds the elements of a list (or any iterable) to the end of the current list.
- list.insert(): Adds an item at a specified position.
- list.remove(): Removes the first item with the specified value.
- list.pop(): Removes the item at the specified position.
- list.index(): Returns the index of the first element with the specified value.
- list.sort(): Sorts the list.
- list.reverse(): Reverses the order of the list.

### DICTIONARY FUNCTIONS:
- dict.keys(): Returns a list of all the keys in the dictionary.
- dict.values(): Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary.
- dict.items(): Returns a list of tuples, each tuple containing a key and a value.
- dict.get(): Returns the value of the specified key.
- dict.update(): Updates the dictionary with the specified key-value pairs.
- dict.pop(): Removes the element with the specified key.

### TUPLE FUNCTIONS:
- len(): Returns the length of a tuple.
- tuple.count(): Returns the number of times a specified value appears in a tuple.
- tuple.index(): Searches the tuple for a specified value and returns the position of where it was found.

### SET FUNCTIONS:
- len(): Returns the length of a set.
- set.add(): Adds an element to the set.
- set.remove(): Removes the specified element.
- set.union(): Returns a set containing the union of sets.
- set.intersection(): Returns a set containing the intersection of sets.
- set.difference(): Returns a set containing the difference of sets.
- set.symmetric_difference(): Returns a set with elements in either the set or the specified set, but not both.

### NUMERIC FUNCTIONS:
- abs(): Returns the absolute value of a number.
- round(): Rounds a number to a specified number of digits.
- max(): Returns the largest item in an iterable.
- min(): Returns the smallest item in an iterable.
- sum(): Sums the items of an iterable.

### DATE AND TIME FUNCTIONS (datetime module):
- datetime.datetime.now(): Returns the current date and time.
- datetime.datetime.today(): Returns the current local date.
- datetime.datetime.strftime(): Formats a datetime object as a string.
- datetime.datetime.strptime(): Parses a string to a datetime object.

### FILE I/O FUNCTIONS:
- open(): Opens a file and returns a file object.
- file.read(): Reads the contents of a file.
- file.write(): Writes data to a file.
- file.readlines(): Reads all the lines of a file into a list.
- file.close(): Closes the file.

### GENERAL FUNCTIONS:
- print(): Prints to the console.
- input(): Reads a string from standard input.
- type(): Returns the type of an object.
- isinstance(): Checks if an object is an instance of a class or a tuple of classes.
- id(): Returns the identity of an object.

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