1. Swap variables without a temporary one
a, b = 5, 10
a, b = b, a
2. One-line if-else (ternary)
result = "Even" if x % 2 == 0 else "Odd"
3. List Comprehension
squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
evens = [x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0]
4. Set and Dict Comprehension
unique = {x for x in [1,2,2,3]} # remove duplicates
squares = {x: x**2 for x in range(5)} # dict comprehension5. Most common element in a list
from collections import Counter
most_common = Counter(['a','b','a','c']).most_common(1)[0][0]
6. Merging dictionaries (Python 3.9+)
a = {'x': 1}
b = {'y': 2}
merged = a | b7. Returning multiple values
def stats(x):
return max(x), min(x), sum(x)
high, low, total = stats([1, 2, 3])
8. Using zip to iterate over two lists
names = ['a', 'b']
scores = [90, 85]
for n, s in zip(names, scores):
print(f"{n}: {s}")
9. Flattening nested lists
nested = [[1,2], [3,4]]
flat = [item for sublist in nested for item in sublist]
10. Default values in a dictionary
from collections import defaultdict
d = defaultdict(int)
d['apple'] += 1 # no KeyError
11. Lambda in one line
square = lambda x: x**2
print(square(4))
12. enumerate with index
for i, v in enumerate(['a', 'b', 'c']):
print(i, v)
13. Sorting by key or value
d = {'a': 3, 'b': 1, 'c': 2}
sorted_by_val = sorted(d.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])14. Reading file lines into a list
with open('file.txt') as f:
lines = f.read().splitlines()15. Type Hints
def add(x: int, y: int) -> int:
return x + y
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