I Cloned the Same VM 100 Times and Found Five Identities That Were No Longer Unique

I needed 100 disposable Linux machines for a test environment, so cloning one prepared VM looked like the fastest option. The clones received different MAC addresses, IP addresses and hostnames, booted normally and appeared as separate hosts in monitoring.
Then I started checking the identities stored inside the operating system itself. Across the whole fleet I found the same system machine ID, the same SSH host key, the same filesystem UUID, inherited cloud‑init state and the same WireGuard identity. What looked like 100 independent VMs from the outside was still one machine copied 100 times at several lower layers.
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