The article details Salesforce’s transition from the traditional AWS Cluster Autoscaler (based on Auto Scaling Groups) to Karpenter. To manage this at a massive scale, Salesforce built custom automation tools to handle non-disruptive migrations, mapped over 1,180 diverse node pool configurations, and implemented a phased rollout that reduced operational overhead by 80% and improved scaling speed from minutes to seconds.

https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/architecture/how-salesforce-migrated-from-cluster-autoscaler-to-karpenter-across-their-fleet-of-1000-eks-clusters/