Most Important Mathematical Equations in Data Science!

1️⃣ Gradient Descent: Optimization algorithm minimizing the cost function.
2️⃣ Normal Distribution: Distribution characterized by mean μ\muμ and variance σ2\sigma^2σ2.
3️⃣ Sigmoid Function: Activation function mapping real values to 0-1 range.
4️⃣ Linear Regression: Predictive model of linear input-output relationships.
5️⃣ Cosine Similarity: Metric for vector similarity based on angle cosine.
6️⃣ Naive Bayes: Classifier using Bayes’ Theorem and feature independence.
7️⃣ K-Means: Clustering minimizing distances to cluster centroids.
8️⃣ Log Loss: Performance measure for probability output models.
9️⃣ Mean Squared Error (MSE): Average of squared prediction errors.
🔟 MSE (Bias-Variance Decomposition): Explains MSE through bias and variance.
1️⃣1️⃣ MSE + L2 Regularization: Adds penalty to prevent overfitting.
1️⃣2️⃣ Entropy: Uncertainty measure used in decision trees.
1️⃣3️⃣ Softmax: Converts logits to probabilities for classification.
1️⃣4️⃣ Ordinary Least Squares (OLS): Estimates regression parameters by minimizing residuals.
1️⃣5️⃣ Correlation: Measures linear relationships between variables.
1️⃣6️⃣ Z-score: Standardizes value based on standard deviations from mean.
1️⃣7️⃣ Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE): Estimates parameters maximizing data likelihood.
1️⃣8️⃣ Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues: Characterize linear transformations in matrices.
1️⃣9️⃣ R-squared (R²): Proportion of variance explained by regression.
2️⃣0️⃣ F1 Score: Harmonic mean of precision and recall.
2️⃣1️⃣ Expected Value: Weighted average of all possible values.

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