🛸 Recently recovered Russian Shahed-136 UAVs feature GNSS modules with RTK (Real-Time Kinematic) capability, leveraging 4G/LTE modems for internet-based local correction data, enabling centimeter-level precision. Russia is enhancing its anti-jamming technology with CRPA (Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna) systems to augment the “Cometa” GLONASS-based navigation in UMPK glide bombs and Shahed drones.

The current 8-antenna Cometa system offers limited spoofing resistance. A 16-antenna CRPA operating in the L1 band is under development, employing advanced algorithms to enhance spoof resistance. CRPA systems exploit angular discrimination between satellite signals and ground-based jamming by measuring direction and time of arrival.

RTK GNSS integrates satellite and base station data. The base station, connected to a local reference, transmits corrections via mobile networks for precise positioning. Ukrainian networks offering RTK services could potentially be exploited for selective disruptions. Additionally, private RTK systems, such as those used in precision agriculture, may present exploitable vulnerabilities.