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Post #20 19K

Forwarded from @serotonin & @dopamine

​​🔵 THE CHEMISTRY OF SUPERGLUE

🟢 Superglue is vital for quick repair jobs, but was discovered by accident twice lit owes its strong adhesive nature to the particular chemicals it's composed of. In this graphic we take a look at them and how they react to keep things solidly stuck together.

🔵 THE HISTORY OF SUPERGLUE

1942 Cyanoacrylates discovered during World War 2 Search for gun sight plastics Stick to everything, so discarded.

1952 Cyanoacrylates are rediscovered during research looking for polymers for jet canopies.

1958 Their potential finally realized, and the cyanoacrylates are developed into a glue which eventually becomes available commercially in 1958. Numerous other manufacturers follow suit.

🔵 THE CYANOACRYLATES

🟢 The most commonly used cyanoacrylate in superglue today is ethyl cyanoacrylate, but others such as methyl cyanoacrylate, can also be used. Medical grade cyanoacrylates such as 2 octyl cyanoacrylate can be used to close up wounds.

🔵 HOW SUPERGLUE WORKS

🟢 Cyanoacrylates cure in the presence of water. Only a small amount of water is required to kick off the reaction even the water vapor in the air is enough. The reaction produces an anion which can add to more of the original cyanoacrylate, a process that repeats to form the adhesive polymer chains.
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🧪 @Serotonin ⚗️ |  @Education 📖
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Post #19 16.6K

Forwarded from @serotonin & @dopamine

​​🔵 THE CHEMISTRY OF SILLY PUTTY

🟢 Silly putty is an odd substance - it can be slowly stretched out, but snaps if pulled apart with greater force. it can be molded into shape, but bounces if rolled into a ball What's behind these strange properties? Here's a quick look at the chemical composition and explanation.

🔵 WHAT IS IT MADE OF?

🟢 The most important compound in silly putty is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). This is the simplest member of the polymer family known as the silicones. PDMS is viscoelastic. This means that it acts like a viscous liquid and flows over long time scales. However, over short time scales (for example, being rolled into a ball and thrown at a hard surface), its behaviour is elastic, and it will bounce back. At high molecular weights the flexible polymer chains become loosely entangled, which contributes to PDHIS's miscarlosticity.

🔵 HOW DOES IT WORK?

🟢 The presence of PDMS alone, and its viscoelasticity. doesn't fuly explain how silly putty behaves. Another ingredient, boric acid, also makes a telling contribution. The boric acid helps to create 'crosslinks' between adjacent polymer chains. These help to give silly putty its putty-like nature, and also help explain its strange behaviour.The polydimethylsiloxanes in silly putty end in Si-OH groups. The boric acid reversibly reacts with these to form short-lived crosslinks between polymer chains. Slow deformation gives these crosslinks time to break and reform, allowing viscous flow, but rapid, forceful deformation does not, so elastic behaviour is instead seen.
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🧪 @Serotonin ⚗️ |  @Education 📖
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Post #18 9.67K

Forwarded from @serotonin & @dopamine

​​🤾‍♀ A BRIEF GUIDE TO DOPING IN SPORTS

🟢 Doping in sports has been in the news in the run-up to the Olympics. What drugs will doping tests at the Olympics be looking for? This graphic looks at some of the major groups of drugs used in doping. their effects, and why athletes might take them.

🔵 ANABOLIC AGENT

🟢 The largest class of prohibited drugs and the most commonly detected. Anabolic steroids mimic the hormone testosterone, increasing muscle mass and physical strength. This class also includes some non-steroids drugs. They have a range of side effects.

🔵 STIMULANTS

🟢 Stimulants are used to improve alertness, attention, and energy. Many behave similarly to the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline. They include amphetamines. Taking them can increase blood pressure and cause cardiac problems.

🔵 HORMONES AND MODULATORS

🟢 A range of drugs which generally interfere with human hormones. They can be used with anabolic steroids, to suppress some of the undesirable effects of these drugs, Some affect estrogen levels in the body, whereas others affect human metabolism

🔵 DIURETICS AND MASKING AGENT

🟢 Diuretics remove fluids from the body and can be used by athletes to regulate their body mass, as well as dilute urine so lower levels of banned substances are registered in tests. Masking agents are drugs taken to conceal the presence of illegal drugs in urine samples.

🔵 NARCOTICS

🟢 This class includes narcotic analgesics such as morphine and codeine which can enhance performance by increasing a competitor's tolerance to pain. They can also reduce anxiety which can be advantageous in some sports.

🔵 OTHER BANNED SUBSTANCES

🟢 Many more substances are banned, including EPO, which promates red blood cell production getting oxygen to muscles more effectively. Some substances, such as alcohol and beta-blockers, are only prohibited in-competition for some sports.
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🧪 @Serotonin ⚗️ |  @Education 📖
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Post #17 6.89K

Forwarded from @serotonin & @dopamine

​​🔵 2,4-DINITROPHENYLHYDRAZINE: USES AND RISKS

🟢 UK schools have recently been disposing of incorrectly stored 2,4-DNPH. Here we look at what it is and the risks it can pose.

🔵 WHAT IS 2,4 DNPH USED FOR?

🟢 2,4-DNPH can be used to identity aidehydes and ketones. it is commonly used in a mixture of methanol and sulfuric acid, and reacts with aldehydes and ketones to form an orange-yellow procipitate called a 2.4- dinitrophenylhydrazone, After purification the 2,4-dinitrophenyhydrazone's melting point can help idantify the specific aldehyde or ketone that was used in the reaction.

🔵 STORING 2,4-DNPH CORRECTLY AND SAFELY

🟢 2,4-DNPH is supplled damp: it's recommended that the bottle of damp solld is stored inside a larger container with a small amount of water at the bottom. if it hasn't been stored like this, or if there is no water in the outer containet, schools have been told to assume it has dried out, and the bottle should not be opened due to the risk of a small fire or explosion: in the UK, CLEAPSS should be contacted.
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🧪 @Serotonin ⚗️ |  @Education 📖
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Beat is a chemical.
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