However, a range of phenotypes along the European-East Asian cline may be observed.

Ainu men predominantly harbour Y-haplogroups D-M55(D1a2) and C-M217. Both of these groups originate on the mammoth steppes of northern Eurasia, which was home to the Ancient North Eurasians (ANEs). This latter group's genetic signature appears strongly in Indo-Europeans, Uralic peoples and, to a lesser extent, Native Americans.