An Anarchist Perspective on Israel, Palestine, and the Endless Cycle of Violence
Research by Hasse-Nima Golkar
From October 7 to the Present: States at War with Human Beings
The Israeli–Palestinian conflict cannot be said to have begun on October 7, 2023, just as it cannot simply be reduced to a war between “two nations.”
The roots of this catastrophe go back decades: to the end of the British Mandate, the 1948 war, the establishment of the State of Israel, the displacement and expulsion of more than 700,000 Palestinians, and the emergence of what Palestinians call the Nakba — the catastrophe. Following the 1967 war, the occupation of the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and Gaza, the expansion of Israeli settlements, and extensive restrictions on Palestinians’ lives and freedom of movement further entrenched structures of inequality and domination. Today, nearly 5.9 million Palestinian refugees are eligible for services provided by UNRWA.
From an anarchist perspective, the question is not simply: “Which state has the right to govern which territory?” The more fundamental question is:
Why should human beings have to submit to states, armies, borders, and military institutions in order to live, enjoy freedom, and secure their safety?
October 7: A Crime That Cannot Be Justified
On October 7, 2023, Hamas forces and several other Palestinian armed groups attacked southern Israel. Approximately 1,200 people were killed, and 251 were abducted and taken to Gaza. Civilians were among those targeted in the assault. According to the findings of the United Nations Independent International Commission of Inquiry, hostage-taking, murder, torture, and other acts against civilians constituted war crimes.
From an anarchist standpoint, no occupation, repression, or historical injustice can justify the deliberate killing of civilians or the taking of hostages.
But this principle must be applied consistently, without exception.
If killing an Israeli child is a crime, killing a Palestinian child is equally a crime.
If taking an Israeli civilian hostage is a crime, depriving an entire civilian population of water, food, medicine, and security cannot be justified as a “right to self-defence” either.
From “Revenge” to Collective Punishment
Following October 7, the Israeli government launched a large-scale war in Gaza. The scale of killing, destruction, displacement, and deprivation of basic necessities went far beyond a limited military operation against armed groups.
In 2024, the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry reported that Israeli operations in Gaza involved war crimes and crimes against humanity, including murder, extermination, forcible transfer, torture, and the use of starvation as a method of warfare. The same Commission also identified Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups as responsible for war crimes committed during the October 7 attack.
In September 2025, the same Commission went a step further, concluding that, based on its investigation, Israel had committed genocide in Gaza. This is a finding by a UN Commission of Inquiry; it is not the same as a final ruling by the International Court of Justice in the genocide case, and the two should not be conflated. South Africa's case against Israel remains before the International Court of Justice.
In November 2024, the International Criminal Court also issued arrest warrants for Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity. These decisions, however, do not constitute final convictions; they are part of an ongoing international judicial process.
An Anarchist Is Neither a Supporter of the Israeli State nor of a Palestinian State
This is where the difference between an anarchist perspective and many prevailing narratives becomes clear. Anarchism fundamentally opposes turning human beings into soldiers serving a state.
From this perspective:
The State of Israel, even if it regards the protection of its citizens as its responsibility, has no right to pursue security through mass killing and military domination over another people.