A Survey of Data Agents: Emerging Paradigm or Overstated Hype? - https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.23587 | https://github.com/HKUSTDial/awesome-data-agents

L0: Humans do everything manually.
L1: AI helps with code or queries (think ChatGPT-level assistance).
L2: AI can perceive environments (use tools, read databases).
L3: AI orchestrates pipelines by itself humans just supervise.
L4: AI proactively finds problems to solve.
L5: AI invents new data science methods full autonomy